diff --git a/src/__tests__/main/utils/remote-fs.test.ts b/src/__tests__/main/utils/remote-fs.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fee16fbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/__tests__/main/utils/remote-fs.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
+import {
+  readDirRemote,
+  readFileRemote,
+  statRemote,
+  directorySizeRemote,
+  writeFileRemote,
+  existsRemote,
+  mkdirRemote,
+  type RemoteFsDeps,
+} from '../../../main/utils/remote-fs';
+import type { SshRemoteConfig } from '../../../shared/types';
+import type { ExecResult } from '../../../main/utils/execFile';
+
+describe('remote-fs', () => {
+  // Base SSH config for testing
+  const baseConfig: SshRemoteConfig = {
+    id: 'test-remote-1',
+    name: 'Test Remote',
+    host: 'dev.example.com',
+    port: 22,
+    username: 'testuser',
+    privateKeyPath: '~/.ssh/id_ed25519',
+    enabled: true,
+  };
+
+  // Create mock dependencies
+  function createMockDeps(execResult: ExecResult): RemoteFsDeps {
+    return {
+      execSsh: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(execResult),
+      buildSshArgs: vi.fn().mockReturnValue([
+        '-i', '/home/user/.ssh/id_ed25519',
+        '-o', 'BatchMode=yes',
+        '-p', '22',
+        'testuser@dev.example.com',
+      ]),
+    };
+  }
+
+  describe('readDirRemote', () => {
+    it('parses ls output correctly for regular files and directories', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'file1.txt\nfile2.js\nsrc/\nnode_modules/\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readDirRemote('/home/user/project', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toEqual([
+        { name: 'file1.txt', isDirectory: false, isSymlink: false },
+        { name: 'file2.js', isDirectory: false, isSymlink: false },
+        { name: 'src', isDirectory: true, isSymlink: false },
+        { name: 'node_modules', isDirectory: true, isSymlink: false },
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('identifies symbolic links from ls -F output', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'link-to-dir@\nlink-to-file@\nregular.txt\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readDirRemote('/home/user', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toEqual([
+        { name: 'link-to-dir', isDirectory: false, isSymlink: true },
+        { name: 'link-to-file', isDirectory: false, isSymlink: true },
+        { name: 'regular.txt', isDirectory: false, isSymlink: false },
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('handles hidden files (from -A flag)', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '.gitignore\n.env\npackage.json\nsrc/\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readDirRemote('/project', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data?.map(e => e.name)).toContain('.gitignore');
+      expect(result.data?.map(e => e.name)).toContain('.env');
+    });
+
+    it('strips executable indicator (*) from files', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'run.sh*\nscript.py*\ndata.txt\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readDirRemote('/scripts', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toEqual([
+        { name: 'run.sh', isDirectory: false, isSymlink: false },
+        { name: 'script.py', isDirectory: false, isSymlink: false },
+        { name: 'data.txt', isDirectory: false, isSymlink: false },
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('returns error when directory does not exist', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '__LS_ERROR__\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readDirRemote('/nonexistent', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('not found or not accessible');
+    });
+
+    it('returns error on SSH failure', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: 'Permission denied',
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readDirRemote('/protected', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('Permission denied');
+    });
+
+    it('handles empty directory', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readDirRemote('/empty-dir', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it('builds correct SSH command with escaped path', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'file.txt\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      await readDirRemote("/path/with spaces/and'quotes", baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(deps.execSsh).toHaveBeenCalledWith('ssh', expect.any(Array));
+      const call = (deps.execSsh as any).mock.calls[0][1];
+      const remoteCommand = call[call.length - 1];
+      // Path should be properly escaped in the command
+      expect(remoteCommand).toContain("'/path/with spaces/and'\\''quotes'");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('readFileRemote', () => {
+    it('returns file contents successfully', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '# README\n\nThis is my project.\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readFileRemote('/project/README.md', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toBe('# README\n\nThis is my project.\n');
+    });
+
+    it('handles file not found error', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: 'cat: /missing.txt: No such file or directory',
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readFileRemote('/missing.txt', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('File not found');
+    });
+
+    it('handles permission denied error', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: 'cat: /etc/shadow: Permission denied',
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readFileRemote('/etc/shadow', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('Permission denied');
+    });
+
+    it('handles reading directory error', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: 'cat: /etc/: Is a directory',
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readFileRemote('/etc/', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('is a directory');
+    });
+
+    it('handles empty file', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readFileRemote('/empty.txt', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toBe('');
+    });
+
+    it('preserves binary-safe content (within UTF-8)', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'Line 1\nLine 2\r\nLine 3\tTabbed',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readFileRemote('/file.txt', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toBe('Line 1\nLine 2\r\nLine 3\tTabbed');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('statRemote', () => {
+    it('parses GNU stat output for regular file', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '1234\nregular file\n1703836800\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await statRemote('/project/package.json', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toEqual({
+        size: 1234,
+        isDirectory: false,
+        mtime: 1703836800000, // Converted to milliseconds
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('parses GNU stat output for directory', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '4096\ndirectory\n1703836800\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await statRemote('/project/src', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data?.isDirectory).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('parses BSD stat output format', async () => {
+      // BSD stat -f '%z\n%HT\n%m' format
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '5678\nRegular File\n1703836800\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await statRemote('/project/file.txt', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toEqual({
+        size: 5678,
+        isDirectory: false,
+        mtime: 1703836800000,
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('handles file not found', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: "stat: cannot stat '/missing': No such file or directory",
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await statRemote('/missing', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('not found');
+    });
+
+    it('handles permission denied', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: "stat: cannot stat '/protected': Permission denied",
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await statRemote('/protected', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('Permission denied');
+    });
+
+    it('handles invalid output format', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'invalid\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await statRemote('/file', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('Invalid stat output');
+    });
+
+    it('handles non-numeric values in output', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'notanumber\nregular file\nalsonotanumber\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await statRemote('/file', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('Failed to parse stat output');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('directorySizeRemote', () => {
+    it('parses du -sb output (GNU)', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '123456789\t/project\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await directorySizeRemote('/project', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toBe(123456789);
+    });
+
+    it('parses awk-processed du -sk output (BSD fallback)', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '1234567890\n', // Awk output (size * 1024)
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await directorySizeRemote('/project', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toBe(1234567890);
+    });
+
+    it('handles directory not found', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: "du: cannot access '/missing': No such file or directory",
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await directorySizeRemote('/missing', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('not found');
+    });
+
+    it('handles permission denied', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: "du: cannot read directory '/protected': Permission denied",
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await directorySizeRemote('/protected', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('Permission denied');
+    });
+
+    it('handles invalid output format', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'invalid output\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await directorySizeRemote('/dir', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('Failed to parse du output');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('writeFileRemote', () => {
+    it('writes content successfully using base64 encoding', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await writeFileRemote('/output.txt', 'Hello, World!', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      // Verify the SSH command includes base64-encoded content
+      const call = (deps.execSsh as any).mock.calls[0][1];
+      const remoteCommand = call[call.length - 1];
+      expect(remoteCommand).toContain('base64 -d');
+    });
+
+    it('handles content with special characters', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const content = "Line 1\nLine 2 with 'quotes' and $variables";
+      const result = await writeFileRemote('/output.txt', content, baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      // Verify base64 encoding is used (safe for special chars)
+      const call = (deps.execSsh as any).mock.calls[0][1];
+      const remoteCommand = call[call.length - 1];
+      expect(remoteCommand).toContain(Buffer.from(content, 'utf-8').toString('base64'));
+    });
+
+    it('handles permission denied on write', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: '/etc/test.txt: Permission denied',
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await writeFileRemote('/etc/test.txt', 'test', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('Permission denied');
+    });
+
+    it('handles parent directory not found', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: '/nonexistent/file.txt: No such file or directory',
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await writeFileRemote('/nonexistent/file.txt', 'test', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('Parent directory not found');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('existsRemote', () => {
+    it('returns true when path exists', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'EXISTS\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await existsRemote('/home/user/file.txt', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('returns false when path does not exist', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'NOT_EXISTS\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await existsRemote('/nonexistent', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.data).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('handles SSH error', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: 'Connection refused',
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await existsRemote('/path', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toBeDefined();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('mkdirRemote', () => {
+    it('creates directory successfully', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      const result = await mkdirRemote('/home/user/newdir', baseConfig, true, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('uses -p flag for recursive creation', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      await mkdirRemote('/home/user/a/b/c', baseConfig, true, deps);
+
+      const call = (deps.execSsh as any).mock.calls[0][1];
+      const remoteCommand = call[call.length - 1];
+      expect(remoteCommand).toContain('mkdir -p');
+    });
+
+    it('omits -p flag when recursive is false', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      await mkdirRemote('/home/user/newdir', baseConfig, false, deps);
+
+      const call = (deps.execSsh as any).mock.calls[0][1];
+      const remoteCommand = call[call.length - 1];
+      expect(remoteCommand).toContain('mkdir  ');
+      expect(remoteCommand).not.toContain('-p');
+    });
+
+    it('handles permission denied', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: "mkdir: cannot create directory '/etc/test': Permission denied",
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await mkdirRemote('/etc/test', baseConfig, true, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('Permission denied');
+    });
+
+    it('handles directory already exists', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: "mkdir: cannot create directory '/home': File exists",
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await mkdirRemote('/home', baseConfig, false, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('already exists');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('SSH context integration', () => {
+    it('passes correct SSH remote config to buildSshArgs', async () => {
+      const customConfig: SshRemoteConfig = {
+        ...baseConfig,
+        host: 'custom.host.com',
+        port: 2222,
+        username: 'customuser',
+      };
+
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'file.txt\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      await readDirRemote('/path', customConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(deps.buildSshArgs).toHaveBeenCalledWith(customConfig);
+    });
+
+    it('handles useSshConfig mode correctly', async () => {
+      const sshConfigMode: SshRemoteConfig = {
+        ...baseConfig,
+        useSshConfig: true,
+        privateKeyPath: '',
+        username: '',
+      };
+
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: 'EXISTS\n',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 0,
+      });
+
+      await existsRemote('/test', sshConfigMode, deps);
+
+      expect(deps.buildSshArgs).toHaveBeenCalledWith(sshConfigMode);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('error handling edge cases', () => {
+    it('handles network timeout', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: 'Connection timed out',
+        exitCode: 255,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readFileRemote('/file.txt', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain('timed out');
+    });
+
+    it('handles SSH authentication failure', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: 'Permission denied (publickey)',
+        exitCode: 255,
+      });
+
+      const result = await statRemote('/file', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('handles empty response with non-zero exit code', async () => {
+      const deps = createMockDeps({
+        stdout: '',
+        stderr: '',
+        exitCode: 1,
+      });
+
+      const result = await readFileRemote('/file', baseConfig, deps);
+
+      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toBeDefined();
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/main/utils/remote-fs.ts b/src/main/utils/remote-fs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3460d871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/utils/remote-fs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+/**
+ * Remote File System utilities for SSH remote execution.
+ *
+ * Provides functions to perform file system operations on remote hosts via SSH.
+ * These utilities enable File Explorer, Auto Run, and other features to work
+ * when a session is running on a remote host.
+ *
+ * All functions accept a SshRemoteConfig and execute the corresponding
+ * Unix commands (ls, cat, stat, du) via SSH, parsing their output.
+ */
+
+import { SshRemoteConfig } from '../../shared/types';
+import { execFileNoThrow, ExecResult } from './execFile';
+import { shellEscape } from './shell-escape';
+import { sshRemoteManager } from '../ssh-remote-manager';
+
+/**
+ * File or directory entry returned from readDir operations.
+ */
+export interface RemoteDirEntry {
+  /** File or directory name */
+  name: string;
+  /** Whether this entry is a directory */
+  isDirectory: boolean;
+  /** Whether this entry is a symbolic link */
+  isSymlink: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * File stat information returned from stat operations.
+ */
+export interface RemoteStatResult {
+  /** File size in bytes */
+  size: number;
+  /** Whether this is a directory */
+  isDirectory: boolean;
+  /** Modification time as Unix timestamp (milliseconds) */
+  mtime: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Result wrapper for remote fs operations.
+ * Includes success/failure status and optional error message.
+ */
+export interface RemoteFsResult<T> {
+  /** Whether the operation succeeded */
+  success: boolean;
+  /** The result data (if success is true) */
+  data?: T;
+  /** Error message (if success is false) */
+  error?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Dependencies that can be injected for testing.
+ */
+export interface RemoteFsDeps {
+  /** Function to execute SSH commands */
+  execSsh: (command: string, args: string[]) => Promise<ExecResult>;
+  /** Function to build SSH args from config */
+  buildSshArgs: (config: SshRemoteConfig) => string[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Default dependencies using real implementations.
+ */
+const defaultDeps: RemoteFsDeps = {
+  execSsh: (command: string, args: string[]): Promise<ExecResult> => {
+    return execFileNoThrow(command, args);
+  },
+  buildSshArgs: (config: SshRemoteConfig): string[] => {
+    return sshRemoteManager.buildSshArgs(config);
+  },
+};
+
+/**
+ * Execute a command on a remote host via SSH.
+ *
+ * @param config SSH remote configuration
+ * @param remoteCommand The shell command to execute on the remote
+ * @param deps Optional dependencies for testing
+ * @returns ExecResult with stdout, stderr, and exitCode
+ */
+async function execRemoteCommand(
+  config: SshRemoteConfig,
+  remoteCommand: string,
+  deps: RemoteFsDeps = defaultDeps
+): Promise<ExecResult> {
+  const sshArgs = deps.buildSshArgs(config);
+  sshArgs.push(remoteCommand);
+  return deps.execSsh('ssh', sshArgs);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read directory contents from a remote host via SSH.
+ *
+ * Executes `ls -la` on the remote and parses the output to extract
+ * file names, types (directory, file, symlink), and other metadata.
+ *
+ * @param dirPath Path to the directory on the remote host
+ * @param sshRemote SSH remote configuration
+ * @param deps Optional dependencies for testing
+ * @returns Array of directory entries
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const entries = await readDirRemote('/home/user/project', sshConfig);
+ * // => [{ name: 'src', isDirectory: true, isSymlink: false }, ...]
+ */
+export async function readDirRemote(
+  dirPath: string,
+  sshRemote: SshRemoteConfig,
+  deps: RemoteFsDeps = defaultDeps
+): Promise<RemoteFsResult<RemoteDirEntry[]>> {
+  // Use ls with specific options:
+  // -1: One entry per line
+  // -A: Show hidden files except . and ..
+  // -F: Append indicator (/ for dirs, @ for symlinks, * for executables)
+  // --color=never: Disable color codes in output
+  // We avoid -l because parsing long format is complex and locale-dependent
+  const escapedPath = shellEscape(dirPath);
+  const remoteCommand = `ls -1AF --color=never ${escapedPath} 2>/dev/null || echo "__LS_ERROR__"`;
+
+  const result = await execRemoteCommand(sshRemote, remoteCommand, deps);
+
+  if (result.exitCode !== 0 && !result.stdout.includes('__LS_ERROR__')) {
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: result.stderr || `ls failed with exit code ${result.exitCode}`,
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Check for our error marker
+  if (result.stdout.trim() === '__LS_ERROR__') {
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: `Directory not found or not accessible: ${dirPath}`,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const entries: RemoteDirEntry[] = [];
+  const lines = result.stdout.trim().split('\n').filter(Boolean);
+
+  for (const line of lines) {
+    if (!line || line === '__LS_ERROR__') continue;
+
+    let name = line;
+    let isDirectory = false;
+    let isSymlink = false;
+
+    // Parse the indicator suffix from -F flag
+    if (name.endsWith('/')) {
+      name = name.slice(0, -1);
+      isDirectory = true;
+    } else if (name.endsWith('@')) {
+      name = name.slice(0, -1);
+      isSymlink = true;
+    } else if (name.endsWith('*')) {
+      // Executable file - remove the indicator
+      name = name.slice(0, -1);
+    } else if (name.endsWith('|')) {
+      // Named pipe - remove the indicator
+      name = name.slice(0, -1);
+    } else if (name.endsWith('=')) {
+      // Socket - remove the indicator
+      name = name.slice(0, -1);
+    }
+
+    // Skip empty names (shouldn't happen, but be safe)
+    if (!name) continue;
+
+    entries.push({ name, isDirectory, isSymlink });
+  }
+
+  return {
+    success: true,
+    data: entries,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read file contents from a remote host via SSH.
+ *
+ * Executes `cat` on the remote to read the file contents.
+ * For binary files or very large files, consider using different approaches.
+ *
+ * @param filePath Path to the file on the remote host
+ * @param sshRemote SSH remote configuration
+ * @param deps Optional dependencies for testing
+ * @returns File contents as a string
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const content = await readFileRemote('/home/user/project/README.md', sshConfig);
+ * // => '# My Project\n...'
+ */
+export async function readFileRemote(
+  filePath: string,
+  sshRemote: SshRemoteConfig,
+  deps: RemoteFsDeps = defaultDeps
+): Promise<RemoteFsResult<string>> {
+  const escapedPath = shellEscape(filePath);
+  // Use cat with explicit error handling
+  const remoteCommand = `cat ${escapedPath}`;
+
+  const result = await execRemoteCommand(sshRemote, remoteCommand, deps);
+
+  if (result.exitCode !== 0) {
+    const error = result.stderr || `Failed to read file: ${filePath}`;
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: error.includes('No such file')
+        ? `File not found: ${filePath}`
+        : error.includes('Is a directory')
+          ? `Path is a directory: ${filePath}`
+          : error.includes('Permission denied')
+            ? `Permission denied: ${filePath}`
+            : error,
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    success: true,
+    data: result.stdout,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get file/directory stat information from a remote host via SSH.
+ *
+ * Executes `stat` on the remote with a specific format string to get
+ * size, type, and modification time.
+ *
+ * @param filePath Path to the file or directory on the remote host
+ * @param sshRemote SSH remote configuration
+ * @param deps Optional dependencies for testing
+ * @returns Stat information (size, isDirectory, mtime)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const stats = await statRemote('/home/user/project/package.json', sshConfig);
+ * // => { size: 1234, isDirectory: false, mtime: 1703836800000 }
+ */
+export async function statRemote(
+  filePath: string,
+  sshRemote: SshRemoteConfig,
+  deps: RemoteFsDeps = defaultDeps
+): Promise<RemoteFsResult<RemoteStatResult>> {
+  const escapedPath = shellEscape(filePath);
+  // Use stat with format string:
+  // %s = size in bytes
+  // %F = file type (regular file, directory, symbolic link, etc.)
+  // %Y = modification time as Unix timestamp (seconds)
+  // Note: GNU stat vs BSD stat have different format specifiers
+  // We try GNU format first (Linux), then BSD format (macOS)
+  const remoteCommand = `stat --printf='%s\\n%F\\n%Y' ${escapedPath} 2>/dev/null || stat -f '%z\\n%HT\\n%m' ${escapedPath}`;
+
+  const result = await execRemoteCommand(sshRemote, remoteCommand, deps);
+
+  if (result.exitCode !== 0) {
+    const error = result.stderr || `Failed to stat: ${filePath}`;
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: error.includes('No such file')
+        ? `Path not found: ${filePath}`
+        : error.includes('Permission denied')
+          ? `Permission denied: ${filePath}`
+          : error,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const lines = result.stdout.trim().split('\n');
+  if (lines.length < 3) {
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: `Invalid stat output for: ${filePath}`,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const size = parseInt(lines[0], 10);
+  const fileType = lines[1].toLowerCase();
+  const mtimeSeconds = parseInt(lines[2], 10);
+
+  if (isNaN(size) || isNaN(mtimeSeconds)) {
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: `Failed to parse stat output for: ${filePath}`,
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Determine if it's a directory from the file type string
+  // GNU stat returns: "regular file", "directory", "symbolic link"
+  // BSD stat returns: "Regular File", "Directory", "Symbolic Link"
+  const isDirectory = fileType.includes('directory');
+
+  return {
+    success: true,
+    data: {
+      size,
+      isDirectory,
+      mtime: mtimeSeconds * 1000, // Convert to milliseconds
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get total size of a directory from a remote host via SSH.
+ *
+ * Executes `du -sb` on the remote to calculate the total size
+ * of all files in the directory.
+ *
+ * @param dirPath Path to the directory on the remote host
+ * @param sshRemote SSH remote configuration
+ * @param deps Optional dependencies for testing
+ * @returns Total size in bytes
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const size = await directorySizeRemote('/home/user/project', sshConfig);
+ * // => 1234567890
+ */
+export async function directorySizeRemote(
+  dirPath: string,
+  sshRemote: SshRemoteConfig,
+  deps: RemoteFsDeps = defaultDeps
+): Promise<RemoteFsResult<number>> {
+  const escapedPath = shellEscape(dirPath);
+  // Use du with:
+  // -s: summarize (total only)
+  // -b: apparent size in bytes (GNU)
+  // If -b not available (BSD), use -k and multiply by 1024
+  const remoteCommand = `du -sb ${escapedPath} 2>/dev/null || du -sk ${escapedPath} 2>/dev/null | awk '{print $1 * 1024}'`;
+
+  const result = await execRemoteCommand(sshRemote, remoteCommand, deps);
+
+  if (result.exitCode !== 0) {
+    const error = result.stderr || `Failed to get directory size: ${dirPath}`;
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: error.includes('No such file')
+        ? `Directory not found: ${dirPath}`
+        : error.includes('Permission denied')
+          ? `Permission denied: ${dirPath}`
+          : error,
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Parse the size from the output (first field)
+  const output = result.stdout.trim();
+  const match = output.match(/^(\d+)/);
+
+  if (!match) {
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: `Failed to parse du output for: ${dirPath}`,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const size = parseInt(match[1], 10);
+
+  if (isNaN(size)) {
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: `Invalid size value for: ${dirPath}`,
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    success: true,
+    data: size,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Write file contents to a remote host via SSH.
+ *
+ * Uses cat with a heredoc to safely write content to a file on the remote.
+ * This is safe for text content but not recommended for binary files.
+ *
+ * @param filePath Path to the file on the remote host
+ * @param content Content to write
+ * @param sshRemote SSH remote configuration
+ * @param deps Optional dependencies for testing
+ * @returns Success/failure result
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const result = await writeFileRemote('/home/user/project/output.txt', 'Hello!', sshConfig);
+ * // => { success: true }
+ */
+export async function writeFileRemote(
+  filePath: string,
+  content: string,
+  sshRemote: SshRemoteConfig,
+  deps: RemoteFsDeps = defaultDeps
+): Promise<RemoteFsResult<void>> {
+  const escapedPath = shellEscape(filePath);
+
+  // Use base64 encoding to safely transfer the content
+  // This avoids issues with special characters, quotes, and newlines
+  const base64Content = Buffer.from(content, 'utf-8').toString('base64');
+
+  // Decode base64 on remote and write to file
+  const remoteCommand = `echo '${base64Content}' | base64 -d > ${escapedPath}`;
+
+  const result = await execRemoteCommand(sshRemote, remoteCommand, deps);
+
+  if (result.exitCode !== 0) {
+    const error = result.stderr || `Failed to write file: ${filePath}`;
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: error.includes('Permission denied')
+        ? `Permission denied: ${filePath}`
+        : error.includes('No such file')
+          ? `Parent directory not found: ${filePath}`
+          : error,
+    };
+  }
+
+  return { success: true };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if a path exists on a remote host via SSH.
+ *
+ * @param remotePath Path to check
+ * @param sshRemote SSH remote configuration
+ * @param deps Optional dependencies for testing
+ * @returns Whether the path exists
+ */
+export async function existsRemote(
+  remotePath: string,
+  sshRemote: SshRemoteConfig,
+  deps: RemoteFsDeps = defaultDeps
+): Promise<RemoteFsResult<boolean>> {
+  const escapedPath = shellEscape(remotePath);
+  const remoteCommand = `test -e ${escapedPath} && echo "EXISTS" || echo "NOT_EXISTS"`;
+
+  const result = await execRemoteCommand(sshRemote, remoteCommand, deps);
+
+  if (result.exitCode !== 0) {
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: result.stderr || 'Failed to check path existence',
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    success: true,
+    data: result.stdout.trim() === 'EXISTS',
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a directory on a remote host via SSH.
+ *
+ * @param dirPath Directory path to create
+ * @param sshRemote SSH remote configuration
+ * @param recursive Whether to create parent directories (mkdir -p)
+ * @param deps Optional dependencies for testing
+ * @returns Success/failure result
+ */
+export async function mkdirRemote(
+  dirPath: string,
+  sshRemote: SshRemoteConfig,
+  recursive: boolean = true,
+  deps: RemoteFsDeps = defaultDeps
+): Promise<RemoteFsResult<void>> {
+  const escapedPath = shellEscape(dirPath);
+  const mkdirFlag = recursive ? '-p' : '';
+  const remoteCommand = `mkdir ${mkdirFlag} ${escapedPath}`;
+
+  const result = await execRemoteCommand(sshRemote, remoteCommand, deps);
+
+  if (result.exitCode !== 0) {
+    const error = result.stderr || `Failed to create directory: ${dirPath}`;
+    return {
+      success: false,
+      error: error.includes('Permission denied')
+        ? `Permission denied: ${dirPath}`
+        : error.includes('File exists')
+          ? `Directory already exists: ${dirPath}`
+          : error,
+    };
+  }
+
+  return { success: true };
+}